Topics

61

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Still Paying Dues 7/6

« on: July 06, 2023, 09:12:00 PM »

0600 launch.

Got multiple recommendations to fish around the LB break wall for threshers. Had a very specific recommendation from a local tackle shop conversation so I went there.

Peak low 0640. Slack tide is good I hear! Arrived at my AO right about then. I remember why I don't like to fish the break wall, overwhelming smell of diesel and bird sh!t. Set out a dead butterfly mac on a float, started a light chum slick from my bag of bait from last trip. Trying to keep a chunk of sardine in the water every 10-30 yards. Put out a 2nd rod out an hour in. Ran out of chum, gave it another 30 minutes. Saw some smelt in the slick but nothing else. No signs of target for 2 hours of effort.

Bailed, started stone hopping going south looking to save the skunk on whatever bites a fluke. Took a few spots, but found a real quick flurry of a red, turd, and calico in about a minute.







Couple hours effort for bass netted 6 sandies, 4 calicos, 1 red. All 8-14".

Threshers are giving me a migraine but I'll give it a short break and try a couple more times next week. Turns out Chris stole my luck today with a gorgeous T down the coast, maybe he'll drop the pic here.

Cool shot of the sun sorta coming out, half color half BnW photo...

62

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Following Dolphins 7/3

« on: July 04, 2023, 10:23:29 PM »

Heard there was a strong presence of threshers locally so made another concerted effort to find them. 0600 launch, made a friend at the ramp whose Livingston 14 I was eyeing.

Quarter mile visibility for the first couple hours.



I knew the area I wanted to really investigate, but stopped on every puddling bait I saw along the way. First few miles it was just little tiny flurries of bait. Put a few fresh mackerel in the bag, but looked like most of the bait mass was sardines, a change from anchovies in the winter and spring.

Found a bunch of terns near the beach that looked like they were disappointed for a usual area to not have more bait. Decided to follow the terns in their direction offshore. The terns came up on dolphins, decided to switch trains and follow the dolphins. The dolphins were happy to take on the hitchhiker and after a few hundred yards they found some bait. They thrashed that for a minute then moved on, so I followed them some more. Found another little flurry, played with it, then moved on. Kept following them. Then after almost 5 miles, they found a sweet school of bait on the flats, 30 yards wide or so. Thanks pals! Visibility had opened up a bit and looked real similar to the spot I saw a thresher caught from the other day. Picked off a sabiki mackerel and put it on a 7/0 octopus and sent it out to drift, while continuing to fill a bag with 5:1 sardines to mackerel.

Spent an hour or so on the school, switching out weights and species of bait, drifting vs slow trolling, alive/dying/dead. Wasn't getting me anywhere so moved over a quarter mile to another big school. Similar thing for another 15 minutes. Was slowly hopping my way back toward home from one big school of bait to the next but never seeing my target.

For my last bait I finally tried out a rubber band bridle. Needle through the top of the eye socket, hook through both ends of rubber band, twist it up, and secure by putting the hook underneath the twists. Kept this horse sardine incredibly lively for over 15 minutes. No more nose hooking for me if I can help it! Might have helped to have a smaller hook but I was originally planning on all mackerel for the day.



Eventually found myself over the top of Izor's reef, so rigged up a couple dropper loops with mac fillet and a fluke and sent it down. Didn't take too long before I got a sheephead.



Tried releasing it, swam down 20 feet then floated back up. Ugh...then trying to get it back in the boat to decompress it was a nightmare with no net. Sheeps really don't have any good grip points. 5 minutes of trying to get it in the boat, popped it, threw it back out, same thing. Swam down and popped back up. Okay fine you're coming home with me. Same song and dance, tried the gaff but so little body weight and such thick skin it was still impossible. Finally got it in the boat. Hard earned couple tacos that I didn't really want.

Always interesting to just follow the life around and see what happens. Would be nice to be rewarded one of these days. Might try the same thing on Friday, we'll see.

63

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Deep Drop Birthday Bonanza 6/30

« on: July 01, 2023, 01:47:02 AM »

Birthday was 6/29 but weather was better the 30th. I always seem to end up fishing on the 30th...

0600 launch.

25 mile ride to the 14 mile bank from Huntington. It's 14 miles from Newport and Dana but lose the time advantage to traffic. 2.5 hours or so with the 4hp. Loooooong ride, broken up with tunes and podcasts back and forth.

Bait, birds, mammals on the flats. Bait popping everywhere. Made me think the thresher game might be the play but gotta stick to the plan! Plan was to fish various depths around the 14, preferably over 600' in search of new species. Blackgill and Mexican Rockfish seem to be the main players in the game according to reports, and anything else would be cherry on top. But I ain't got either of those on my life list yet. And my deep drops this year so far have been thwarted by morning winds, and/or I've chosen garbage spots in coastal canyons that are probably more mud than anything. But I figured if I sent it to the 14, I'd be rewarded.

And, some coastal bluefin have been reported, and it's about time of year for them to show up. So I was actually more pumped up about potentially running into tuna than I was into deep dropping. Brought 3 tuna rods to one rockfish rig.

Well, once I got off the flats, there was no real surface activity. One mola, a couple lack luster kelps. Trolled the high speed mackstick on the way over. Got to the knoll and didn't see any surface activity, so made my first drop in about 750-800'. FF was dead so went off of general Navionics topography for depths and stones.

Forgot squid, brought flukes and some shad spray though. 24oz sinker all day. 60# braid, 60# leader. First drop resulted in....

...long drum roll...

Thought it was a damn greenblotched rockfish at first, but I'm really leaning toward Pink Rockfish at this point. The green blotches are only pronounced on the dorsal fin. Sources say 18-19 rays on the pectoral fin and I'm counting 18 or 19, as opposed to 17 for a greenblotched. Who cares? I do. Might not be flashy but it’s a new species!



Next puzzle are these two duds from 800'. Clones. There are like 5 species of rockfish that all look like this. Rosy? Rosethorn? Swordspine? Pink? Freckle? The jury says...Swordspine. Look at the anal fin spine of the lower one. Bam, new species. I threw them both back without any real help, and believe it or not one of them was able to swim right back down and out of sight, impressive from 800'.



After 2 drops, 3 bites, and no mexicans or blackgills, I decided to explore more options around the knoll. A ton of options as far as different structures and depths throughout, from 350' down to 1500' or more if you wanted. Focused on 900' to 1000' for the rest of my time.

Rolling up to the next spot I scared up a little 2-3' shark, blue or mako, near a piece of kelp. Threw an iron around for a minute to see if I could add that to my list on this day but didn't get it to go.
First drop in 900' and I was bit on the drop. Two new species in one drop! The upper fish I’ve flip flopped on twice now, back to thinking it’s a Chameleon Rockfish. The lower is a Mexican Rockfish. These two coming up at the same time was quite a sight to see, both with exceptionally fine scale patterns and glossy tones, one darker than I'm used to and one practically albino. Real trippy.



Picked off a couple more mexicans on this stone before deciding to sample something else, as my blackgill still hadn't made its showing yet...

Moved a mile or two east, now well away from the other 4 boats working the shallow crest of the knoll. As soon as I hit bottom, felt like I was stuck. Realized it was a fish, fought for a second, then eased off but was still hooked up. And what do you know! Blackgill Rockfish! Not very big by their standards but more than enough for the life list!





Next drop that same feeling of being stuck on the bottom. This time trusted that it was a fish and buttoned down on it. Loooooong ride up with something heavy, hoped to god it wasn't a bucketmouth paisan f@cking with me. Turned out to be a unit of a mexican at 6lbs and 22", alongside a 12" mexican on the other hook. Didn't get a pic til after I got off the boat so I'll cap off the report with it.

2 more drops and I limited out on another pink/greenblotch and a mexican. Still glassy at 1130 as I was leaving the grounds with a high speed mackstick in tow.



Once I got back to the coastal shelf I started racking up metal balloons...



Even the giant cutting board wasn't gonna hold all the fish this time, so here are some size samples from the bag.



Absolutely stoked to be able to add 5 new species to my list in one day in SoCal saltwater. Didn't think that was possible these days. There are still several more deep water targets I want to nab, and I'd like to find a better blackgill spot, but won't need to try again for at least a couple weeks with all the new meat in the freezer. And I'm sure my arm could use the rest. Dropped 24oz a dozen times and brought up fish all but one time. Elbow is feeling a little funny...

64

Fishing Talk / Eastern Pacific Cobia

« on: June 25, 2023, 11:58:28 AM »

I saw an instagram post today of a cobia in NE Australia. Thought it was strange, but I guess an Indian Ocean populations bleeds out to the Western Pacific. Then I found this article from 2016.


https://www.sportfishingmag.com/does-cobia-invasion-threaten-central-americas-pacific-coast/

In this case, the “jail” was an aquaculture facility off the coast of Ecuador, says noted University of California Santa Barbara marine biologist Milton Love.

And we’re not talking about a few fish on the loose. Love — one of Sport Fishing‘s longtime “Fish Facts” experts — reports tens of thousands of escaped, nearly-mature cobia “are making their way north [from Ecuador] at a rate of about 200 miles per month.”

They’ve already been found near Panama, 600 or so miles north of their origin.

Love rates the odds of the cobia reproducing and spreading as far north as California at 50:50. If that happens, “the disturbance of biodiversity could be a major issue.” One possible scenario, he says, “is for these fish to become well established and start chomping down on native species.”


I haven’t heard anything else about this newfound eastern pacific stock so maybe they didn’t make it, but I would think they would be gorging on tuna crab out here and off Mexico in the summer.

65

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / No Threshers, Just Turds 6/18

« on: June 18, 2023, 03:27:21 PM »

Wanted to make a stronger commitment to searching out inshore bait and thus threshers today. Out the harbor about 0630, sabiki trolling at the jetty alongside a swimbait. Swimbait got bit. Missed a good bite but broke the skunk quick. But no bait.



Started making my way south, checking different spots for bait and life in general. Bass zone had bass. Picked up 4 over there while scanning for bait. No bait. Kept moving south.

Finally saw a couple terns circling an area but not being very aggressive. It was enough! Started marking a bunch of bait schools. Pulled one mac out and it ruined my sabiki immediately. Stuck it behind a small bait-o-matic and circled the area for 15 minutes or so without any more action before moving further south.

Wanted to check out a spot that I had a good feeling about for bass, still dragging that mackerel behind me. Hooked up 5 more turds there, almost all keepers, to 3lbs. All of them hit and fought like twice their weight. That was fun. But they aren't threshers!



Moved a mile outside and scanned for bait while meandering back north. Found more bait, one more suicidal mackerel. Fouled an anchovy.

Ended up back in my bass zone, decided threshers were out the window for the day. Got my bass numbers up to 20, broke off on the bottom, went home. 18 turds to 2 calicos, all released. At least 10 were keepers. More and more of them are getting the orange lower jaw.



Conditions look mediocre the rest of the week, by the time it clears it'll be time to reload the freezer I figure.

66

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / A Couple New Flatfish 6/15

« on: June 15, 2023, 04:30:34 PM »

Wasn't even sure if I wanted to go, but my body put everything in motion. Still a bit sore from the other day, woke up at dawn to attempt blackgills again.

First day in several trips where the wind laid down all morning!



Wanted to try a canyon I'd never fished before. First drop was in around 1000'. Idk for sure, FF never dialed in on it. Started gathering a party of marks under my boat. Thought maybe mackerel or bones but they didn't touch the sabiki.



Soaked for 20 minutes with no bites then moved a little shallower in the canyon to 900' where a commercial looking Radon was just leaving, presumably long lining judging by the topography but not sure. Another 20 minute soak there for no bites. Reeled up my 24oz from that one and decided to get away from this canyon and head to a hard bottom zone I knew a little better.

By the time I got over there my arm was telling me I was done reeling on 24oz for the day . So stopped over 300' to break the skunk. Fluke and a single loligo tentacle down to see if I could find a micro reef critter but ended up with sand dabs on both hooks.

This one was interesting though. After some research and pontification, I am willing to call it the Speckled Sand Dab. I think I've caught one before but with this quality pic it's going in the life list.



Wasn't marking nearly as much life as I had the previous couple trips so went in shallower to see how that was. On one hand I wanted to change things up by catching and trolling mackerel, but on the other I had a few whole squids that I wanted to use up before doing anything else, cuz squid is so damn pricey these days.

Very few marks around, and my Navionics app was f@cking up quite a bit (continuing to have phone charging issues with my cords and battery packs...) so I was idling around til I found marks and immediately drop the squid on their heads.

Ended up with 7 of these to 14", this one being the prettiest of them.



Had a really weird bite. Little piece of squid got slammed, little drag burn, pop, then heavy again. Reeling it up I thought it was a big ass sheephead, but it turned out to be a 3+lb bass. Looks like what happened was he bit one hook, snapped the line, then the other circle hook somehow hooked him good in the tail. Perfect hook set in the lip with no line attached. Solid 19" released, as was everything today.



Got 2 more turds, one in the 3lb class and another a little under 2.

Was pretty much over it and ready to search out mackerel when I hooked up with a new species, the Fantail Sole. I live for inshore rarities like this.



Zig zagged across the flats on the way home looking for puddling bait to troll a sabiki through but didn't find much. Called it a day around 1230.

67

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Still No Deep Drop But New PB 6/13

« on: June 13, 2023, 05:02:53 PM »

0630 launch. Wanted to focus on deep dropping for blackgills and maybe also look for lingcod. Halfway to the grounds, the wind picked up and was not looking good for fishing deep...same as last time! Almost just pulled off to some spots in 100' but decided to at least try for lings in 300'.

By the time I got out there I said eh why not, first drop I tried 500'. Was getting pecked, wasn't sure what was going on. Brought it up and of course, got one big dab on and both whole squids are gone. Forget that.

Moved to 300', stuck a thawed dink chilipepper on a big circle and a little hook with chunk squid beneath to maybe at least get something fresher than this chili. Brought up a decent paisan on the squid. Hm.

Switched to flukes and squid and racked in some fish real quick, mostly tapas grade...





Lasso'd a fresh chili and put it to work.



Lings were nowhere to be found. Small/medium rockfish were wide open but I persisted with several long drifts with the chili para nada.

Finally decided I had way more than enough paisan meat in the boat and at home, so retreated to shallower water. Dropped into my whitefish hole and found one instantly, and it came up along side a mackerel! Haven't seen one in a second. Sent it down immediately.

Reset the drift, then got bit on the mac! Halfway up it came unbuttoned. Pretty sure it was a bass but got my heart going with a big bait finally getting eaten. Rigged up a sabiki trying to locate another mac but had a hard time for a minute. Then a quick flurry on the FF put 9 in the boat, plus a sardine. A little chaos on deck. Put another one down and not long after the clicker started going. Heart pumping, need to see this one, even if it's just a bass.

And up from the depths came a new PB grump! 20.5", no scale but was surprisingly heavy. I wanna say 6lbs but I'll play nice and call it 5 and change.



Outside my 15-20" slot limit, popped her and let her go.

Kept soaking mackerel but only got one more light bite.

Headed in shallower to try a slow troll, but regretted it. Wind was up, trolling the mackerel was not good with them being dead/dying, and I lost my clean angle back to the harbor. Soaking wet bumpy miserable ride back to the harbor.

9 species today! Unfortunately no blackgills or lings, but if I weren't soaking bigger baits this time, I'm confident I could have had my 20 fish limit between rockfish, whitefish and sand bass before noon. But I am trying to focus on low-confidence targets now that I have enough white meat for at least a few weeks.

4 paisan
3 whitefish
2 chilis
1 red
1 speck
1 square bear
1 sand bass
1 dab
10 mackerel
1 sardine

Ambassadors from each species.

68

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Flexibility 6/9

« on: June 09, 2023, 05:38:58 PM »

Left the solar thing yesterday. Felt a sense of futility toward the job on Saturday, then had a 3 day vacation with my family in Palm Springs for my dad's birthday. Hoped I could shake the negative feelings and soldier on when I got back from vacation. Came back to the job Thursday and after 20 minutes on the clock, I was like nope! I'm done. Looked at the next day's sea conditions. Looks good! Walked back to my car, sent an immediate resignation email, and turned on the grubhub app for the rest of the day.

Ah, flexibility. No more hoping my one day off has good conditions. Woke up at 0500 no problem, out the harbor 0630. Wanted to check the coastal shelf for signs of tuna or yellows first, then as the slack tide picks up, go try deep dropping for blackgills.

Beautiful conditions to start, but wind picked up to white caps at 0800 as I'm dragging a Yozuri Bonita 15 miles offshore. Saw a couple mola and by the wind sailors, but no bait, birds, or gamefish. Made my way to the rockfish grounds and figured with this unforeseen wind, I should skip the 600'+ and go with 300-400'.

First drop, instant 3lb red. Ooh wee! Next 30 minutes nary a bite. Waited it out, figuring the current would pick up and so would the bite. It did. Started racking up paisans until I had a full limit.

This one came in contact with a lingosaur me thinks. Never felt heavy so might have been from before the hookup.



Left the rockfish grounds, found a big photo friendly mola.



Headed in shallower, kept the double dropper of flukes. FF looked like whitefish were around but got slammed by this double, my first double of bass.



Wind was making the drifts over smaller stones impossible, and my phone was having trouble charging as usual. Down to 7% battery, took my heading for a larger hard bottom area I like and put the phone away. Picked off 3 short turds and a small brown rockfish trolling the swimbait before the combination of my nearly dead phone, ridiculous chop, and slow bite put me on a heading toward the barn.

Limits plus a nice turd.



Craving that beer battered bosco right now.

69

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Land of the Plenty with Jared 6/4

« on: June 04, 2023, 04:29:29 PM »

Took the Mosquito out with Jared hoping get him on a good bite with the bass. We keep hitting slow days when we fish but I was confident we could run up some numbers together.

Out the harbor mouth around 0700.

First fish was in the boat pretty quick. Continuing the trolling concept for bass, I've switched over to swimbaits and gotten even better days than with the crankbaits. Jared started with a crank and I with a swimbait and I got to 6 before he got his first.

Probably 80/20 sand bass to calico ratio today.



I've been pretty broke so felt the need to justify my time and ramp fee with some fillets.



Once Jared switched to swimbaits he was pulling 'em in as fast as I. I ended with 24, him with 20, including his new PB and jackpot for the day. All his fish were released. I'd call this brute outside of my own slot limit as well!



Solid day. Mostly 12-14" fish. I kept my 5 bag limit in the 15-17" range. Every color swimbait worked: purple, sexy smelt, white, herring, black and yellow, red...they were hungry. Got short bit a ton in the last hour, maybe would have been smart to switch to the crankbait at that point but we were happy. Had one bite with some big boy head shakes that came off after a few seconds, thinking that was my one halibut bite for the day.

On our way in, I was minding my own business on the tiller when next thing I know this f@cking seagull is flapping wildly and stuck to the LC Pointer on the end of the Sabiki rod in its holder. I could not believe it, and waited a good 15 seconds for Jared to realize what was going on directly over his head before I took the rod down and grabbed the googan bird. Wish I got a pic/video of it up there bashing around in the rod tips, it was absolutely absurd. Just grabbed a parked crankbait!!!



So don't leave out Lucky Craft lures around seagulls, they might just steal them...

3 or 4 dinners secured.

70

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Bluefin Search 5/28 and Bass Bite 5/29

« on: May 29, 2023, 11:40:29 PM »

Tried something new this weekend. Inflated the boat and stuck in on top of my car for multiple days so I would cut down on prep time.



Saw there was some warm water pushing up and thought it's about time to start checking that stuff for game fish. So I planned for a 50 mile round trip to check the back end of the warm water bubble.

Got to the deep water and the water was filled with the by-the-wind sailors, and HUNDREDS of big mola were out snacking on 'em. I've never seen so many sunfish. Also thought I saw a small minke whale.



Ran a high speed troll loop toward the 14. Further I went the less life there was.



No bait in deep water, no sign of tuna.

Started looking in shallow for a skunk buster. Tried about a dozen stones before I finally landed something.



Packed it up after that.

Slept pretty hard, didn't feel enthused to fish inshore stuff in the morning based on the bite from the day before. Finally left my apartment to put things away at the storage unit but the wind still hadn't come up by noon, so decided to fish the strong afternoon tide for bass.

Worked out well.



Most fish were 12-14".





Two were in the 3lb range.



Ended with 16 bass in a little under 3 hours. All released.

Stalled once because of all the kelp in the water. Got stuck on a bag on the way in as well.



Colors for the day.

71

Saltwater Boat Fishing Reports / Worked Up a Variety 5/21

« on: May 21, 2023, 06:53:13 PM »

Got my lil 4hp Yamaha back from a local mechanic. Very simple fix, very reasonable cost. 6hp carb upgrade from ebay didn't fit so sticking with 4 for a while.

Woke at 0530. Launch and ride put me with lines in around 0820.

First wanted to check for reds and paisans. 300-400' water for the first hour or more. Very tough bite. Managed 2 sand dabs and a dink ass chili. Gentle breeze started blowing. Had to switch depths and judging by the drift I went shallow.

Coming to really like some of these spots. Took some work but put together a nice little pick bite.

Don't normally keep sculpin cuz of the whole pointy thing in the boat but really wanted to stock up on white meat today.



Put back the little rockfish though. Grow big, Red!





Big thunk! Missed one aggressive bite earlier, this one stuck. Thinking big grump. Nope.



Ike jime'd it and the red instantly popped out.



Thought I would be indundated with skrillas but this was my one for the day.



Silver bass.



Luck was running thin so headed toward my bass area. Picked off 3 including a keeper. Then next thing I know, my braid is past the spool lip and into the gears. First time that's happened on the Avet. Didn't have my spare 20-30# rod for the first time this year and wish I did, day ender. But 1230 is a good time to be done fishing. So that was that. I'll pop it open in a bit. Good day though. I'll trade outboard issues for days like that.



That sheep looks good for 2 nights of dinner.

72

Outdoor Activities / Sonoron Spotted Whiptail

« on: May 18, 2023, 03:00:10 PM »

Been knocking in Tustin the last week or so and been seeing a ton of whiptails. Not used to seeing much outside of fence lizards being from VC. Finally googled them to confirm what I was looking at and noticed the Sonoran Spotted Whiptail has been introduced specifically to this area somehow. California Herp’s map has the tiniest dot marked within OC for them. I will make it my secondary task for the day to get a good pic of one. They seem impossible to catch without a trap or some misting.

https://californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/a.sonorae.html

Also noted there were chameleons introduced to Laguna and Morro Bay and they’ve sustained themselves for a while. Gotta make a hike in Laguna to spot one of them.

73

Fishing Talk / That Darn Carburetor

« on: May 17, 2023, 08:03:30 PM »

Sitting in my car outside my apartment complex, smokin’ a cigar and drinkin’ a near beer, waitin’ for the darn post man to deliver my carburetor. Soon as it shows up I got a mechanic that will fix my outboard and drop in the upgraded 6hp carb so I can start lookin’ for them darn thrashers. Why did I get my budget ebay knife jigs but not the carb? No room in the apt mailboxes, that’s probably the answer to this riddle…

Really hope to get out on the Mosquito Sunday. Taking shots looking for green sunfish at the local hole for now.

74

Fishing Talk / Barometric Pressure

« on: April 30, 2023, 12:32:21 PM »

Do ya'll consider it when getting out? I've heard a quick pressure drop is a good time to capitalize on fishing preparing for a temp drop. Personally I've looked at the forecasted pressure changes by the hour even during wind and rain storms and it tends to be so slow and gradual in change, that I think water temp or tide changes have far more tangible effects than the barometric pressure does.

I'm doing a bit of a dive on it right now and I'll post a podcast episode, hopefully tomorrow, brushing on the topic. I'm gonna do a little more research on it, since this post is about all I know about it anyways.

Maybe it does have an effect, but SoCal is such a stable climate that it's not as important here. Just took a look at the barometric forecast for Chicago this week and they will have a high of 30.38inHg and low of 29.35inHg. For reference, we will bounce between 29.80-30.05, despite some rain and wind forecasted.

And then in Scottsdale AZ it will range 29.60-30.04. Koga I'd like to know, do you find that the lower air pressure makes you irregular?

75

Fishing Talk / First Day Out in a Bit

« on: April 30, 2023, 07:52:58 AM »

Gotta be at a wedding in Burbank at 3:30 but it’s my only day off, so tried sneaking the first boat trip in weeks this morning. Assembled everything, put it in the water and the pull start cord isn’t pulling in neutral….don’t have the tools or magyver abilities this time. So the boat is out of the water and I’m going home. Very bummed.

Gonna need to hit the surf to scratch the itch I suppose.